
04 Jan GEOMETRY TUTORING
NYC GEOMETRY TUTORING

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Module 1: Plane Geometry
Topic A: Introduction to Geometry
Plane Geometry is about flat shapes like lines, circles, and triangles … shapes that can be drawn on a piece of paper.
Point, Line, Plane and Solid
A Point has no dimensions, only position
A Line is one-dimensional
A Plane is two dimensional (2D)
A Solid is three-dimensional (3D)
Plane Geometry is all about shapes on a flat surface (like on an endless piece of paper).
Let us start with a point. A point has no dimensions.
A point really has no size at all! But we show them as dots so we can see where they are.
Now let’s allow the point to move in one direction. We get a line.
We need just one value to find a point on that line. So we have one dimension. A line is one-dimensional.
Now let’s allow the point to move in a different direction. And we get a plane. We need two values to find a point on that plane. So we have two dimensions, or “2D”.
Circles, triangles, squares, and more are plane shapes.
We let that point move in another completely different direction, and we have three dimensions.
Spheres, cubes, cylinders, and more are 3-dimensional or “3D”. We also call them solid shapes.
The world we live in is 3D.
We can have more dimensions (such as this 4D Tessaract) in mathematics, but they are hard to draw!
2D Shapes
A polygon is a plane (2D) shape with straight sides. To be a regular polygon, all the sides and angles must be the same:
Other Common Polygons
These are 2D shapes, and they are polygons, but not regular polygons:
Quadrilateral
Any 4-sided 2D shape
Rectangle – 4 Sides
All right angles
Triangles
A triangle is a polygon with three edges and three vertices. It is one of the basic shapes in geometry. A triangle with vertices A, B, and C is denoted \triangle ABC. In Euclidean geometry, any three points, when non-collinear, determine a unique triangle and simultaneously, a unique plane. It can be classified into three: Equilateral, Isosceles, and Scalene.
There are three special names given to triangles that tell how many sides (or angles) are equal. There can be 3, 2, or no equal sides/angles:
Equilateral Triangle
Three equal sides; Three equal angles, always 60°
Isosceles Triangle
Two equal sides; Two equal angles
Scalene Triangle
No equal sides; No equal angles
How to remember? Alphabetically they go 3, 2, none:
- Equilateral: “equal”-lateral (lateral means side) so they have all equal sides
- Isosceles: means “equal legs”, and we have two legs, right? Also isosceles has two equal “Sides” joined by an “Odd” side.
- Scalene: means “uneven” or “odd”, so no equal sides.
What Type of Angle?
Triangles can also have names that tell you what type of angle is inside:
Acute Triangle
All angles are less than 90°
Right Triangle
Has a right angle (90°)
Obtuse Triangle
Has an angle more than 90°
Combining the Names
Sometimes a triangle will have two names, for example,
Right Isosceles Triangle
Has a right angle (90°), and also two equal angles
Topic B: Perimeter
Perimeter is the distance around a two-dimensional shape.
Example: the perimeter of this rectangle is 7+3+7+3 = 20
Example: the perimeter of this regular pentagon is:
3 + 3 + 3 + 3 + 3 = 5×3 = 15
The perimeter of a circle is called the circumference:
Circumference = 2π × radius
Perimeter Formulas
Triangle
Perimeter = a + b + c
Square
Perimeter = 4 × a
a = length of side
Rectangle
Perimeter = 2 × (a + b)
Quadrilateral
Perimeter = a + b + c + d
Circle
Circumference = 2πr
r = radius
Sector
Perimeter = r(θ+2)
r = radius
θ = angle in radians
Ellipse
Perimeter = very hard!
Topic C: Area
Area
Area is the quantity that expresses the extent of a region on the plane or a curved surface. The area of a plane region or plane area refers to the area of a shape or planar lamina, while surface area refers to the area of an open surface or the boundary of a three-dimensional object.
Parallelogram
Area = b × h
b = base
h = vertical height
Trapezoid
Area = ½(a+b) × h
h = vertical height
Circle
Area = π × r2
r = radius
Ellipse
Area = πab
Sector
Area = ½ × r2 × θ
r = radius
θ = angle in radians
Note: h is at right angles to b
Example: What is the area of this rectangle?
The formula is:
Area = w × h
w = width
h = height
We know w = 5 and h = 3, so:
Area = 5 × 3 = 15
Example: What is the area of this circle?
Radius = r = 3
Area
= π × r2
= π × 32
= π × (3 × 3)
= 3.14159… × 9
= 28.27 (to 2 decimal places)
Example: What is the area of this triangle?
Height = h = 12
Base = b = 20
Area = ½ × b × h = ½ × 20 × 12 = 120
Word Problem:
Example: Sam cuts grass at $0.10 per square meter How much does Sam earn cutting this area:
Let’s break the area into two parts:
Part A is a square:
Area of A = a2 = 20m × 20m = 400m2
Part B is a triangle. Viewed sideways, it has a base of 20m and a height of 14m.
Area of B = ½b × h = ½ × 20m × 14m = 140m2
So the total area is:
Area = Area of A + Area of B = 400m2 + 140m2 = 540m2
Sam earns $0.10 per square meter
Sam earns = $0.10 × 540m2 = $54
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MEET OUR GEOMETRY TUTORS WHO TRAVEL TO YOUR HOME

BLAKE
High School Mathematics Teacher Completing Master’s Thesis and transitioning into his Doctoral Research at Teachers College, Columbia University

EVAN
Master’s in Leadership in Math Education, Bachelor’s Degree in Mathematics

JEFFREY
Master’s in Leadership in Math Education, Bachelor’s Degree in Mathematics

WILL
Master of Science, Special Education

AARON
Master’s in Math Education

MELISSA
Certified Math and Special Education Teacher, MS Math Education

LEAH
Bachelor’s degree in Secondary Education with a Concentration in Mathematics, M.S. in General and Special Education (grades 1-6)

TRACY
Certified Special Education Teacher

KARINA
Masters in Math Education

CAILIN
M.A. – Special Education
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Craig Selinger

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